Adaptation of Diqing Tibetan pigs to hypoxic and cold environments through extramedullary hematopoiesis and uncoupled thermogenesis in the liver

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Background Tibetan pigs, which have long inhabited the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at elevations exceeding 3000 m, serve as an ideal model for studying adaptation to extreme high-altitude environments. The multifunctionality of the liver (hematopoiesis, metabolism, detoxification) plays a crucial role in the adaptation of Tibetan pigs to hypoxic and cold environments, yet the specific mechanisms remain unclear. Results This study employed single-nucleus RNA sequencing to profile and conduct bioinformatic analyses on the liver tissues of Diqing Tibetan pigs across 5 developmental stages (embryonic day 25, embryonic day 55, day of birth, development to 30 days, and development to 90 days). The goal was to identify and investigate key cell types and the regulatory mechanisms of core gene expression that facilitate adaptation to hypoxia and cold. In the fetal liver, various subpopulations of erythrocytes were detected. Analysis of these subpopulations allowed for the construction of a cellular development trajectory from proliferative erythrocytes to division erythrocytes to denucleating erythrocytes, revealing that key transcription factors (JUNB and MAFF) and functional genes (HBP1 and PPP2CB) play significant roles in erythrocyte enucleation. Furthermore, the presence of hematopoietic stem cells in the postnatal liver was observed, with identification of subpopulations exhibiting myel

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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