Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Differentiate Into Insulin-Producing Cells in 2D Culture With Photobiomodulation: A Comparative Analysis of Wavelength and Fluence Parameters.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by the loss or dysfunction of insulin-producing beta (β) cells. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) represent a promising source for generating functional insulin-producing β cells due to their accessibility and differentiation potential. Photobiomodulation (PBM), a non-invasive light-based therapy, has emerged as an innovative strategy to enhance stem cell differentiation efficiency. Evidence suggests that green (525 nm) and near-infrared (825 nm) wavelengths, applied individually or in combination, can modulate cellular metabolism, ATP production, and differentiation-related signaling pathways, thereby influencing ADSC commitment toward insulin-producing β-cell-like phenotypes. This in vitro study evaluated the effects of PBM at 525 nm and 825 nm, delivered individually and in combination at energy fluences of 5 J/cm 2 and 10 J/cm 2 , on the differentiation of ADSCs cultured in β-cell induction medium into insulin-producing β-cell-like cells under two-dimensional (2D) culture conditions at 24 h, 5 days, and 10 days. Cellular responses were evaluated using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) luminescence assays, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assays, Giemsa staining, Live/Dead viability assays, and dithizone (DTZ) staining. ATP levels varied significantly among the experimental groups, reflecting changes in cellular

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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