Adipose tissue: an inflammatory organ that can not be ignored in periodontal disease related to obesity

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

In obesity, the pathological remodeling of adipose tissue characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy serves as a critical hub driving chronic inflammation. This process triggers adipose microenvironment disruption, manifesting as reduced angiogenesis, excessive extracellular matrix deposition, dysregulated adipokine secretion, and enhanced immune cell infiltration, ultimately leading to a systemic low-grade inflammatory state. Functioning as an active inflammatory organ, dysfunctional adipose tissue specifically exacerbates periodontitis progression through multiple mechanisms: including glucose/lipid metabolic imbalance, dysregulated bone metabolism with imbalanced osteoclast-osteoblast activity, immunometabolic disturbances, microcirculatory impairment, degradation of periodontal extracellular matrix and dysfunction of epithelial barrier and gut microbiota dysbiosis. This review systematically elucidates the interactive mechanisms between adipose tissue-derived inflammatory signaling and periodontal pathology, emphasizing its central role in obesity-associated periodontal diseases. Based on these mechanisms, we propose targeted intervention strategies: modulating adipokine secretion, suppressing immune cell infiltration in adipose tissue or restoring adipose tissue metabolic homeostasis may emerge as novel approaches to disrupt the obesity-periodontitis vicious cycle. Futur

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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