Anti-Diabetic Effects of Ayanin, a Flavonoid Compound, in STZ/HFD-Induced Diabetic Mice by Upregulating GLUT4 and Suppressing Macrophage-Driven Inflammation in Adipose Tissues

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Insulin resistance, marked by reduced GLUT4 expression in metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes. Therapeutic agents that enhance GLUT4 expression in these tissues have demonstrated potential in the treatment of diabetes. Ayanin (AYN) is a flavonoid found in red wine grapes. This study evaluated the anti-diabetic properties of AYN and investigated its mechanisms. In an in vivo study, the oral administration of AYN to diabetic mice resulted in ameliorated hyperglycemia and glucose tolerance and alleviated lipid dysfunction. The investigation into the underlying mechanisms revealed that AYN activated p-AMPKα, which subsequently enhanced GLUT4 and CPT-1α expression in both adipose and muscle tissues, as well as increased CPT-1α expression in livers. In vitro experiments demonstrated that AYN activated AMPKα, increased GLUT4 expression, and facilitated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Additionally, the metabolic dysfunctions related to lipids and glucose in adipocytes triggered inflammatory activation of macrophages within adipose tissue, leading to the exacerbation of insulin resistance and the downregulation of GLUT4 expression. AYN reduced macrophage infiltration and pro-inflammatory mRNA expression in adipose tissues, contributing to the amelioration of diabetes. In vitro results for macropha

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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