Bioengineering of Periodontal Tissues: Cell Therapy and Biomaterials Application

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Periodontal regeneration remains one of the most demanding challenges in oral bioengineering due to the structural complexity of the periodontium and the inflammatory microenvironment accompanying disease. Conventional surgical and pharmacological therapies often fail to achieve full restoration of bone, ligament and cementum, prompting the development of cell-based and biomaterial-assisted approaches. This review summarizes current advances in cellular technologies for periodontal regeneration, emphasizing the biological rationale, material design and delivery methods shaping next-generation treatments. We discuss stem-cell-based strategies employing periodontal ligament, dental pulp and mesenchymal stem cells, their paracrine and immunomodulatory roles, and how their therapeutic potential is enhanced through integration into engineered scaffolds. Recent progress in hydrogel systems, microspheres, decellularized matrices and 3D bioprinting is analyzed, highlighting how structural cues, bioactive nanoparticles and gene-modified cells enable multi-tissue regeneration. Emerging delivery and biofabrication techniques, from manual seeding to automated and in situ printing, are reviewed as key determinants of clinical translation. The convergence of bioprinting precision, immune-responsive biomaterials and personalized cellular constructs positions periodontal bioengineering as a ra

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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