Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome in People With HIV: An Emerging Frontier for Clinical Pharmacology

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

As antiretroviral therapy (ART) prolongs lifespans, people with HIV (PWH) face a new syndemic: Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome. Yet CKM in PWH is poorly characterized. Inflammation, complex pharmacokinetic (PK) alterations, ART-associated metabolic effects, and gut dysbiosis amplify risk. Managing CKM increases medication burden, thereby heightening the risk of drug-drug interactions and adverse drug effects. Therefore, CKM in PWH represents an emerging clinical pharmacology priority. We outline gaps and challenges and call for CKM research in PWH.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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