Chondroitin sulfate/hyaluronic acid/carboxymethylcellulose macroporous cryogels for controlled delivery of TGF-β1 and IGF-1 to induce chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells in cartilage tissue enginee

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

To repair articular cartilage defects using adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), we aim to fabricate macroporous cryogel scaffolds from chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA), two of the most abundant glycosaminoglycans in cartilage extracellular matrix. Carboxymethylcellulose was blended with HA and CS and crosslinked with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether to prepare a supramacroporous chondroitin sulfate/hyaluronic acid/carboxymethylcellulose (CHC) cryogel. The cryogel is biodegradable and has unique mechanical properties for use as a scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. The transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were bound to CS for prolonged presentation of these growth factors in the scaffolds, with controlled release extended to >21 days. The TGF-β1 and IGF-1 can act in combination to regulate chondrogenic differentiation of seeded ASCs. The CHC/TGF-β1/IGF-1 cryogel scaffold promotes the chondrogenesis over CHC/TGF-β1 from cell morphology, matrix and type II collagen production. From qRT-PCR analysis, it also upregulated the gene expression of SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), type II collagen (COL2A1), aggrecan (ACAN), and proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) while downregulated the gene expression of type X collagen (COL10A1) After in vitro culture ASCs in CHC/TGF-β1/IGF-1 cryogel for 14 days, the cell/scaffold constructs were

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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