Cold responses and hormonal echoes: a comprehensive view of Raynaud's vascular dysfunction
Fardoun M., El Ghawi O., Dib C., Jaradi L., Chaddad MT., Dehaini H.
Narrative Review, published in Inflammopharmacology (2025) — summary generated from the PubMed abstract.
Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.
- Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
- Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
- Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
- Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
- Emerging · Emerging topic under active research
This page is generated from the PubMed record. The Thai description is an automated summary of bibliographic fields and the abstract, not a full translation, and is not medical advice.
- Study type
- Narrative Review
- Journal
- Inflammopharmacology (2025)
- Reported sample size
- —
- Source database
- Europe PMC
- PMID
- 40506673
- PMCID
- PMC12354549
- DOI
- 10.1007/s10787-025-01792-0
- Citations
- 3
Abstract (original English)
Raynaud's phenomenon is a peripheral vascular disorder characterized by exaggerated vasoconstrictive response to certain stimuli, most typically cold exposure and emotional stress. Interestingly, Raynaud's phenomenon incidence is significantly higher in premenopausal females compared to age-matched males, highlighting a role of the female hormone, estrogen, in Raynaud's phenomenon pathogenesis. Indeed, estrogen plays a fundamental role in potentiating the expression and function of α 2C adrenoceptor (α 2C -AR), the sole mediator of local cooling-induced vasoconstriction. Due to the mosaic nature of Raynaud's phenomenon involving vascular, hormonal, and neuronal factors, as well as due to the lack of an appropriate animal model, the pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon is not fully elucidated. Consequently, despite various therapeutic approaches aimed at mitigating symptoms of Raynaud's phenomenon, a definitive treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon is quite challenging and remains an unmet need. Therefore, a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of Raynaud's phenomenon is crucial to better delineate pharmacotherapeutic targets to help fight this elusive disease. In this paper, we dissect the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Raynaud's phenomenon and its risk factors, and we shed more light on the role of estrogen. We also explore traditional
What this study does not prove
- • This study does not prove SVF is an approved treatment or a replacement for standard care.
- • This is a narrative review: it collects no new patient data and does not systematically appraise evidence quality.
Evidence level
Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.
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