Current Clinical Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients: Review.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Coronavirus-2019 disease is a newly diagnosed infectious disease, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2. It spreads quickly and has become a major public health problem throughout the world. When the viral structural spike protein binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor of the host cell membrane, the virus enters into host cells. The virus primarily affects lung epithelial cells or other target cells that express angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors in COVID-19 patients. Chemokines released by the host cells stimulate the recruitment of different immune cells. A cytokine storm occurs when a high amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced as a result of the accumulation of immune cells. In COVID-19 patients, cytokine storms are the leading cause of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent and self-renewing adult stem cells, which are obtained from a variety of tissues including bone marrow, adipose tissue, Warthon's jelly tissue, and amniotic fluid. Mesenchymal stem cells primarily exert their important therapeutic effects through 2 mechanisms: immunoregulatory effects and differentiation capacity. Mesenchymal stem cells can release several cytokines via paracrine mechanism or by direct interaction with white blood cells such as natural killer cells, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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