The current status of nano-hydrogel preparations for osteochondral repair: Systematic Review

Relatively higher-quality human studies compared with other topics in this database, e.g. multiple RCTs or systematic reviews. This does not mean it is standard or approved care.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Background Osteochondral defects, involving both cartilage and subchondral bone, remain clinically challenging due to the poor intrinsic healing capacity of cartilage and the limited durability of traditional treatments. This systematic review aims to evaluate current advancements in nano-hydrogel formulations for osteochondral repair, focusing on their composition, preparation methods, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and regenerative outcomes. Methods Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Eligible studies were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methodological quality and risk of bias of included studies were assessed using CAMARADES checklist, which considered factors such as randomization, blinding, animal welfare compliance, outcome reporting, and study reproducibility. Data synthesis was performed through structured tabulation and subgroup stratification by scaffold structure (single-phase, bilayered, trilayered, gradient), formulation type (injectable vs. preformed), and polymer origin (natural, synthetic, hybrid). Results A total of 41 studies were included, encompassing both in vitro and in vivo models, with participant numbers ranging from small animal models (e.g., rabbits, ra

Evidence level

Relatively higher-quality human studies compared with other topics in this database, e.g. multiple RCTs or systematic reviews. This does not mean it is standard or approved care.

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