Drinking water temperatures modulate gut microbiota-L-cysteine axis to enhance adipose thermogenesis and alleviate obesity-related metabolic disorders in mice.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Aims Although people living in different countries prefer to drink water at various temperatures, the influence of drinking water temperature on metabolic homeostasis remains largely unexplored. This study investigated how different drinking-water temperatures affect metabolic regulation and the underlying gut microbiota-metabolite interactions. Materials and methods High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were given water at 0 °C, 25 °C, or 40 °C. Metabolic alterations were assessed by histopathology, serum biochemistry, and body-composition analysis, with food intake and core temperature monitored. Gut microbiota causality was examined using antibiotic depletion and reciprocal fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics were performed to characterize fecal microbial and metabolite profiles. Adipose stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells were used in vitro to examine the effects of L-cysteine on lipid metabolism. Key findings Both 0 °C and 40 °C water ameliorated HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction through increased energy expenditure, reduced liver steatosis, and enhanced adipose-tissue thermogenesis, independent of differences in intake. Cold water selectively enriched Bifidobacterium pseudolongum and Adlercreutzia equolifaciens, whereas warm water increased Bacteroides acidifaciens, Alistipes inops and Alistipes obesi, indicating distinct microbiota

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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