Engineered MSC-Exosomes Delivering miRNAs for Respiratory Disease Diagnostics and Therapy: Opportunities and Challenges

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Respiratory diseases pose a severe threat to global health, with notable limitations in current diagnosis and treatment, such as insufficient sensitivity of diagnostic tools and a lack of effective targeted therapies. Due to their highly efficient information transmission capabilities and excellent safety profile, exosomes carrying non-coding RNA, particularly microRNA (miRNA), are increasingly attracting attention. Compared with free miRNAs, exosomes can protect miRNAs from nuclease degradation, prolong their circulation time in the body, thereby improving the stability and bioavailability of miRNAs. At the same time, they can also address the major bottleneck in the clinical application of miRNAs, including low in vivo delivery efficiency, poor stability, lack of targeting specificity, and off-target effects. Increasing evidence indicate that miRNAs play a significant role in respiratory diseases, including targeting multiple signaling pathways, regulating inflammation and oxidative stress, influencing tumor growth and apoptosis, and participating in tissue damage and repair, thus holding promising prospects for diagnosis and treatment in respiratory diseases. MSC-derived exosomes exhibit low tumorigenic risk because they originate from adult stem cells with limited differentiation ability, have low immunogenicity, and do not highly express major histocompatibility complex cl

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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