Engineering Ti₃C₂T _<i>x</i> (titanium carbide) MXene-based composites and emerging applications: a mini review

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene has attracted considerable attention owing to its metallic conductivity, tunable surface terminations, and structural versatility, which underpin its broad functional applicability. Although numerous review articles have addressed Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene-based composites, most have primarily focused on energy storage and energy conversion systems. In contrast, this review provides a fundamental and up-to-date overview of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene research in recent years, emphasizing the relationship between synthesis strategies, surface termination control, structural and electronic properties, and application-specific performance. First, various synthesis routes are discussed with particular emphasis on how etching conditions, post-treatment processes, and delamination strategies regulate the surface termination groups (-O, -OH, and -F) and defect structures of Ti 3 C 2 T x . These surface chemistries critically influence the electronic structure, interlayer spacing, hydrophilicity, and charge transport characteristics of the material. Subsequently, the resulting structure-property relationships are analyzed to explain how these physicochemical features govern functional performance in different technological applications. Particular attention is devoted to integrating experimental observations with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucid

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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