Exosome-based therapeutics in bone regeneration: from fundamental biology to clinical translation

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Bone deficiencies are a major clinical issue for millions worldwide, with challenges to treatment because of donor site morbidity, immunological rejection, and limited integration. Exosomes are endogenously secreted extracellular vesicles and have potential as cell-free therapeutics. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), bone marrow cells, and other cell-derived exosomes transmit bone morphogenetic proteins, growth factors, and immunoregulatory microRNAs to initiate osteogenic pathways. These exosomes stimulate and orchestrate vascularization and bone formation. Engineering strategies such as cargo optimization, surface functionalization, and cellular preconditioning further augment therapeutic promise. Clinical translation for exosome therapy has hurdles in manufacturing standardization and regulatory routes.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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