Harnessing exosomal long non-coding RNAs as a new frontier for molecular diagnostics and therapeutics in diabetes mellitus

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Exosomes are emerging as dynamic regulators of cellular crosstalk. Exosomal long non-coding RNAs (Exo-lncRNAs) are now recognized as key molecular mediators of diabetes mellitus. These molecules are interrelated with β-cell function, insulin resistance, inflammation, and diabetic complications. Key diabetes-related exo-lncRNAs include exo-P3134, which supports β-cell compensation, as well as exo-MALAT1 and exo-GAS5, which are regulators of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. This review unravels the complex interplay between exo-lncRNAs and the hallmarks of diabetes, across disease pathogenesis and complications. It also spotlights the unprecedented potential of exo-lncRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers and next-generation therapeutic targets in precision medicine in diabetes. By combining mechanistic and translational evidence, this review offers the first integrative framework that positions exo-lncRNAs at the center of diabetes progression and opens new avenues for translational applications.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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