Highly porous multiple-cell-laden collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Efficient vascularization within a scaffold is an essential criterion for evaluating the success of volumetric bone formation. Various strategies using angiogenic growth factors and cell-based approaches to induce effective osteogenic and angiogenic activities have been investigated. In this study, we propose a new highly porous multiple-cell-laden collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffold fabricated using a whipped bioink. After in vitro culturing of cells in the porous scaffolds for an extended culture period, osteogenic and angiogenic activities were significantly enhanced owing to the well-developed microporous cell-supporting matrix inducing efficient crosstalk between the adipose stem cells and endothelial cells compared to those of the normally bioprinted cell-constructs. Furthermore, the in vitro results were thoroughly evaluated by in vivo experiments using a posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion model of an ovariectomized mouse. Based on these results, the porous multiple-cell-laden scaffolds enhanced spine fusion in the event of osteoporosis.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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