Human deep subcutaneous adipose tissue is enriched for inflammatory and tissue remodeling pathways.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Subcutaneous superficial adipose tissue (SAT) and deep adipose tissue (DAT) are anatomically separated by the superficial fascia and differ in both function and histological organization. This study presents a comprehensive transcriptomic comparison between SAT and DAT using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing. Bulk RNA sequencing revealed that DAT is enriched in genes related to inflammation, tissue remodeling, and oxidative stress. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed significant enrichment of inflammatory response, cytokine signaling, and TNF signaling pathways in DAT, indicating a proinflammatory and remodeling-prone environment. Single-ce7ll RNA sequencing identified distinct differences in immune and stromal cell composition. SAT exhibited higher proportions of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and CD8/NK cells, whereas DAT showed an increase in oxidative stress-associated Mox macrophages and specific subtypes of fibroblasts and preadipocytes. MT1X and HMOX1 expression in FAPs of DAT supports a stress-responsive phenotype, whereas CCN1 expression in FAPs of SAT may reflect a role in structural maintenance. In addition, APOE was upregulated in macrophages of DAT, consistent with its known roles in immune modulation and lipid metabolism. These findings highlight cellular and molecular differences between SAT and DAT, suggestin

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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