Insights into Astrogliosis, Inflammation Processes, and Emerging Treatments by Exosome Therapy and Low-Level Laser Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review

Relatively higher-quality human studies compared with other topics in this database, e.g. multiple RCTs or systematic reviews. This does not mean it is standard or approved care.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is among the most severe medical conditions, with profound impacts on global healthcare systems. SCI results in temporary or permanent loss of spinal cord function and is associated with high incidence rates, substantial economic burden, significant disability, and a low average age of onset. Astrogliosis and neuroinflammation play central roles in secondary injury and limit functional recovery. This systematic review examines pathophysiology, mechanisms of recovery, and emerging clinical treatment strategies for SCI. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, to identify relevant studies on SCI classification, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches, with a particular focus on Exosome and low level Laser therapy. The search included articles published up to September 2024, and key data were extracted for analysis. Results: A total of 141 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pathogenesis of SCI involves an initial mechanical injury followed by a secondary cascade of molecular and cellular events that exacerbate tissue damage. Current treatment options primarily provide supportive care for patients with lifelong disabilities. Pharmacological interventions focus on neuroprotection, employing medications and therapeutic agents tailored to modulate dege

Evidence level

Relatively higher-quality human studies compared with other topics in this database, e.g. multiple RCTs or systematic reviews. This does not mean it is standard or approved care.

Browse all related research

Filter the research library by this study's title keywords, author, or publication year.