Low-Dose Ozone as a Eustress Inducer: Experimental Evidence of the Molecular Mechanisms Accounting for Its Therapeutic Action

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Ozone (O 3 ) is an unstable, highly oxidative gas that rapidly decomposes into oxygen. The therapeutic use of O 3 dates back to the beginning of 20th century and is currently based on the application of low doses, inducing moderate oxidative stress that stimulates the antioxidant cellular defences without causing cell damage. In recent decades, experimental investigations allowed the establishment of some basic mechanisms accounting for the therapeutic effects of eustress-inducing low-dose O 3 . In this review, special attention was given to the impact of O 3 administration on the cell oxidant-antioxidant status, O 3 anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, efficacy in improving tissue regeneration, and potential anticancer action. Low O 3 concentrations proved to drive the cell antioxidant response mainly by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. The anti-inflammatory effect relies on the downregulation of pro-inflammatory factors and the modulation of cytokine secretion. The painkilling action is related to anti-inflammatory processes, inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy, and modulation of pain receptors. The regenerative potential depends on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and pro-proliferative capabilities, as well as fibroblast activation. Finally, the anticancer potential is based on oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well a

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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