Mesenchymal stem cells and secretome as modulators of neuroinflammation in neurological disorders

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation is a critical pathogenic driver in a wide spectrum of neurological disorders, contributing to significant morbidity and presenting a formidable therapeutic challenge. Among emerging regenerative approaches, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered significant attention for their potent capacity to modulate this detrimental immune response, offering hope for conditions ranging from acute brain injury to chronic neurodegeneration. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to comprehensively synthesize the current understanding of how MSCs and their secretome, particularly extracellular vesicles (EVs), therapeutically modulate neuroinflammation. We seek to elucidate the key molecular and cellular mechanisms of action and to critically evaluate the evidence for these therapies across various neurological disease models. EVIDENCE REVIEW: This review synthesizes the evolving literature on MSC-mediated immunomodulation, highlighting the therapeutic transition from cell replacement to secretome-based strategies. We examine pivotal studies elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which MSCs and their secretome regulate glial phenotypes and inflammatory pathways, preserve blood-brain barrier integrity, and modulate peripheral immune responses. Furthermore, we critically analyze therapeutic efficacy across preclinical models of acute and chronic neurological disorders an

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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