Multimodal electroconductive PLGA-based scaffold orchestrates neuroprotection and regeneration following severe spinal cord injury

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition that has limited therapeutic options; thus, developing innovative regenerative strategies to treat SCI is necessary. This study presents a multifunctional scaffold system that synergistically combines poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and multiple bioactive components such as magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles, decellularized brain extracellular matrix, two-dimensional MXene nanosheets, berberine, sertoli cell-derived extracellular vesicles, and neural progenitor cells. This synergistic design provides a bioactive microenvironment that mitigates inflammation and promotes antioxidative responses while delivering sustained bioactive signals for neural repair. In particular, the conductive property of the scaffold resulting from MXene incorporation facilitates intercellular electrical signaling to provide axonal regeneration. In vitro, the scaffold modulates macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, promotes neural differentiation, and reduces oxidative stress. In a complete transection rat model, the scaffold enhances motor function recovery and reduces neuropathic pain. Histological analyses show reduced glial scar formation, enhanced remyelination, and robust axonal regeneration. Molecular studies further confirm the upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors, thereby d

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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