Nanoreagents Against the Blood-Testis Barrier: A Strategy for Diagnosing and Treating Male Reproductive System Diseases

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Male reproductive health represents a critical yet challenging area of medical science, where conventional diagnostics and therapies are often limited by physiological barriers-particularly the blood-testis barrier (BTB)-and the complex etiology of disorders such as infertility, prostate cancer, and erectile dysfunction. In recent years, nanoreagents has emerged as a transformative tool, enabling unprecedented advances in drug delivery, imaging, and therapeutic precision. This review systematically examines the application of diverse nanomaterials-including metal nanoparticles, lipid-based systems, polymeric carriers, and natural derivatives such as nanobodies, extracellular vesicles, and cell membrane-coated nanoparticles-in the context of male reproductive medicine. These platforms facilitate targeted drug delivery across the BTB, enhance local drug bioavailability, minimize systemic toxicity, and support sustained release profiles. In diagnostic imaging, nanotechnology augments modalities such as MRI, PET, and photoacoustic imaging. Furthermore, natural biomaterials offer biocompatible and immunologically inert strategies for drug encapsulation and targeted transport, improving both efficacy and safety. Despite these promising developments, challenges remain in standardization, long-term biosafety, and scalable synthesis. Nevertheless, the integration of nanotechnology in ma

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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