New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in Alternative Methods: A Comparative Cytotoxicity Analysis of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite in Adipose Stem Cells Spheroids.
Montenegro B., Gonçalves RM., Pegurier MG., Amorim I., Rossi AM., Baptista LS.
Laboratory Study, published in J Appl Toxicol (2026) — summary generated from the PubMed abstract.
Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.
- Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
- Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
- Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
- Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
- Emerging · Emerging topic under active research
This page is generated from the PubMed record. The Thai description is an automated summary of bibliographic fields and the abstract, not a full translation, and is not medical advice.
- Study type
- Laboratory Study
- Journal
- J Appl Toxicol (2026)
- Country
- England
- Reported sample size
- —
- Source database
- PubMed
- PMID
- 41611224
- DOI
- 10.1002/jat.70057
Abstract (original English)
Toxicological assessment is essential in NP approval for health and medical applications. Although 2D cell culture has been widely used, 3D models, especially spheroids, provide better predictive value for toxicological risk assessments since they replicate complex cellular interactions more accurately. In this study, different cytotoxicity assays were used to conduct a comparative nanotoxicological analysis of Adipose Stem Cells (ASC) grown in 2D and 3D (spheroid) systems, based on OECD guidelines. To evaluate the toxicity of nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite (nCHA) in ASC spheroids, the Neutral Red Uptake assay, and an ATP quantification assay were used. The results obtained from 2D cell monolayers and 3D spheroids were compared to determine the most suitable assay for spheroid analysis. Moreover, the IC50 for SDS treatment was determined and the spheroid morphology was analyzed after treatment with the nanoparticles. Overall, the three assays confirmed the absence of cytotoxicity of nCHA NPs in the ASC monolayer. In addition, the ATP quantification assay confirmed the absence of cytotoxicity of nCHA NPs in the ASC spheroids. Curiously, SDS cytotoxicity was higher in spheroids than in monolayer cultures, inducing the disaggregation of spheroids in a facile and concentration-dependent manner (IC₅₀ = 9.67 μg/mL in spheroids, approximately eight times lower than the IC₅₀
What this study does not prove
- • This study does not prove SVF is an approved treatment or a replacement for standard care.
- • This is preclinical work; animal or laboratory results cannot be applied to humans.
Evidence level
Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.
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