Organ-on-chip technologies: Novel tools with the potential to revolutionize osteoarthritis research and clinical development

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Objective To critically evaluate the evolution of in vitro models for osteoarthritis (OA) research, with a specific focus on organ-on-chip (OOC) technologies, and to discuss their potential to overcome the limitations of traditional 2D, 3D, and explant models in disease modelling, drug discovery, and preclinical toxicology. Methods This review synthesizes findings from recent literature regarding historical and current in vitro platforms used in OA research. It categorizes models based on biological complexity and physiological relevance, with particular emphasis on biomechanical and biochemical stimulation in OOC systems. Key examples from the literature are discussed to illustrate the utility and scalability of emerging platforms. Results Traditional 2D cultures, while widely used, lack the spatial and environmental complexity necessary to replicate native joint physiology. 3D cultures and explant models provide improved architecture and cellular context, but face challenges related to standardization, longevity, and reproducibility. OOC systems offer a dynamic and tunable microenvironment that supports real-time monitoring and integration of mechanical cues such as shear stress and compression. These platforms have been successfully employed to investigate immune cell migration, drug permeability across barriers, and cytokine-induced matrix degradation. Furthermore, their ap

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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