Preparation of gamma poly-glutamic acid/hydroxyapatite/collagen composite as the 3D-printing scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

Early human evidence such as case series or small samples is exploring possible benefits.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Abstract Background Movement activities involving the role of articular cartilage and bones. The presence of cartilage enables bones to move over one another smoothly. However, repetitive microtrauma and ischemia as well as genetic effects can cause an osteochondral lesion. Numerous treatment methods such as microfracture, autograft, and allograft have been used, however, it possesses treatment challenges including extensive recovery time after surgery and financial burden on patients. Nowadays, tissue engineering approaches have been developed to repair bone and osteochondral defects using biomaterial implants to induce the regeneration of stem cells. Methods In this study, a collagen/γ-polyglutamate acid (PGA)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffold was fabricated using a 3D printing technique. A collagen/γ-PGA/hydroxyapatite 2D membrane was also fabricated for comparison. The scaffolds (4 layers) were designed with the size of 8 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm in thickness. The first layer was hydroxyapatite/γ-PGA and the second to fourth layers were collagen/γ-PGA. In addition, a 2D membrane was constructed from hydroxyapatite/γ-PGA and collagen/γ-PGA with a ratio of 1:3. The biocompatibility property and degradation activity were investigated for both scaffold and membrane samples. The rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ( r BMSCs) and human adipose stem cells ( h ADSCs) were cultu

Evidence level

Early human evidence such as case series or small samples is exploring possible benefits.

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