Pro-inflammatory cytokines negatively regulate PPARγ mediated gene expression in both human and murine macrophages via multiple mechanisms.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

PPARγ is a lipid activated transcription factor that connects lipid metabolism and immune function. It is known that anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4 that mediates the differentiation of alternatively activated macrophages, positively modulate PPARγ at three levels: by (1) increasing its expression (2), initiating a complex formation with STAT6 enhances its transcriptional activity and (3) increasing endogenous ligand production. On the other hand, PPARγ is known to inhibit inflammatory processes via transrepression. However, the impact of a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu on PPARγ transcriptional activity in macrophages is less understood. We hypothesized that pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFNγ and TNFα negatively regulate PPARγ activity and sought to test this within human and murine macrophage models using both global and single target gene expression analysis. We found that IFNγ/TNFα inhibited PPARγ expression in human CD14+ monocytes derived macrophages and mouse bone marrow derived macrophages, but not in macrophages originating from CD34+ stem cells or Thp-1 monocytic cells. Irrespective of the model system, the ability of PPARγ to regulate gene expression was inhibited. Moreover, we demonstrated that in Thp-1 cells PPARγ in vitro DNA binding remained unchanged following IFNγ/TNFα pre-treatment. Taken together, our data suggest that pro-inflammatory condi

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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