Programmable Relaxation Dynamics in Bioinspired Coacervates for 3D Printing Cell Scaffolds.
Wang Z., Zhan J., Ren L., Zhang H., Guo W., Zhong T.
Laboratory Study, published in Small (2026) — summary generated from the PubMed abstract.
Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.
- Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
- Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
- Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
- Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
- Emerging · Emerging topic under active research
This page is generated from the PubMed record. The Thai description is an automated summary of bibliographic fields and the abstract, not a full translation, and is not medical advice.
- Study type
- Laboratory Study
- Journal
- Small (2026)
- Country
- Germany
- Reported sample size
- —
- Source database
- PubMed
- PMID
- 42517265
- DOI
- 10.1002/smll.74848
Abstract (original English)
Inspired by the tunable physical properties and biological roles of intracellular biomolecular condensates, this study developed chitosan and hyaluronic acid coacervates via liquid-liquid phase separation for 3D-printed cell scaffolds. Multiscale analysis revealed that relaxation dynamics governed the structural organization and extrusion processability of coacervates. Using time-salt-molecular weight-pH superposition principles, relaxation times were continuously and predictably tuned across seven orders of magnitude (10 -3 to 10 4 s) by modulating pH, ionic strength, and chain length, enabling programmable solid-gel-liquid transitions through a dynamic balance of electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydration interactions. Furthermore, quantitative extrusion force measurements and subjective assessment revealed that salt enhanced extrudability but compromised stability, while higher molecular weight and pH restored structural integrity via strengthened hydrophobic interactions. Notably, relaxation time strongly correlated with filament deformation, with a threshold exceeding 0.5 s ensuring structural integrity during extrusion. Scaffolds printed within the relaxation time range (0.5-500 s) exhibited outstanding mechanical properties and reliable reprocessability while effectively supporting the adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of L929 mouse fibroblasts and adipose-derived st
What this study does not prove
- • This study does not prove SVF is an approved treatment or a replacement for standard care.
- • This is preclinical work; animal or laboratory results cannot be applied to humans.
Evidence level
Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.
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