Proposing a New Classification for Managing Prostaglandin-Induced Enophthalmos in Glaucoma Patients
Ferraro V., Gaeta A., Barone G., Confalonieri F., Tredici C., Vinciguerra P.
Retrospective Study, published in Clin Ophthalmol (2025) — summary generated from the PubMed abstract.
Early human evidence such as case series or small samples is exploring possible benefits.
- Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
- Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
- Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
- Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
- Emerging · Emerging topic under active research
This page is generated from the PubMed record. The Thai description is an automated summary of bibliographic fields and the abstract, not a full translation, and is not medical advice.
- Study type
- Retrospective Study
- Journal
- Clin Ophthalmol (2025)
- Reported sample size
- —
- Source database
- Europe PMC
- PMID
- 40689238
- PMCID
- PMC12276752
- DOI
- 10.2147/opth.s531288
- Citations
- 1
Abstract (original English)
Purpose Glaucoma is commonly treated with prostaglandin analogs (PGAs), which effectively reduce intraocular pressure. However, PGAs can cause ocular side effects, including prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy syndrome (PAPS), characterized by fat loss, enophthalmos and increased orbital structure prominence. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve adipocyte apoptosis, altered lipid metabolism, and changes in soft tissue dynamics. Currently, there is no standardized grading for enophthalmos, complicating its management. This study aimed to classify prostaglandin-induced enophthalmos and explore surgical or minimally invasive treatments, focusing on Italian Caucasian patients. Materials and methods The study, conducted at IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital between 2005 and 2023, assessed PAPS in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. It included a two-phase approach: (1) classification of enophthalmos using clinical and radiological measures to create a composite PAPS score; and (2) evaluation of treatment options, including Calcium Hydroxylapatite (CAHY) injections and autologous fat grafting. Results A retrospective analysis of 120 glaucoma patients with prostaglandin-induced enophthalmos identified severity levels using the PAPS classification. The proposed therapeutic algorithm stratifies treatment: mild cases benefit from conservative management or fillers, moder
What this study does not prove
- • This study does not prove SVF is an approved treatment or a replacement for standard care.
- • Without an adequate control group, treatment effects cannot be separated from other factors.
Evidence level
Early human evidence such as case series or small samples is exploring possible benefits.
How we grade evidenceBrowse all related research
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