Self-assembled hADSCs/hNSCs spheroids combined with 3D printed M-shaped GelMA/Pu Scaffolds: Creating histologically biomimetic engineered cartilage that meets the characteristics of alar cartilage.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Traditional cartilage grafts for nasal alar retraction repair often lack sufficient elasticity and histocompatibility, leading to suboptimal clinical outcomes. To address this challenge, we developed a biomimetic engineered cartilage scaffold that combines self-assembled human adipose-derived stem cell (hADSC)/human nasal septal chondrocyte (hNSC) spheroids with a 3D-printed M-shaped polyurethane (Pu)/gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hybrid scaffold, aiming to replicate the extracellular matrix (ECM) components and mechanical properties of native alar cartilage. The M-shaped scaffold was designed based on clinical CT reconstruction and fabricated via 3D printing using Pu for optimal elasticity. hADSCs and hNSCs were co-cultured at varying ratios (0:5-5:0) and loaded as spheroids into GelMA-coated scaffolds. ECM components (Col-1, Col-2, ACAN, Elastin) were analyzed via RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Subcutaneous (nude mice) and in-situ nasal (sheep) implantation models evaluated chondrogenic performance, ECM deposition and structural integration over 1-2 months. Through comparative analysis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components among human alar cartilage, nasal septal cartilage, auricular cartilage, and costal cartilage, we identified the target ECM profile for biomimetic alar cartilage engineering. It was verified that self - assembled spheroids have stronger chondrogenic ab

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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