Self-assembled organoid-tissue modules for scalable organoid engineering: Application to chondrogenic regeneration.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Tissue engineering has made significant strides in creating biomimetic grafts for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues; however, the scalability of engineered tissue constructs remains a major technical hurdle. This study introduces a method for generating organoid-tissue modules (Organoid-TMs) through scaffold-free self-assembly of microblocks (MiBs) derived from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). The key parameters influencing Organoid-TM formation were identified as the density of MiBs and the controlled mixing ratio of large and small MiBs. The resulting Organoid-TM exhibited a distinctive cup-shaped morphology, a millimeter-scale structure with enhanced nutrient and oxygen diffusion compared to conventional spherical aggregates. Despite their larger size, Organoid-TMs maintained ADMSC stemness and differentiation potential, while stemness and differentiation were halted during fabrication. Organoid-TMs receiving chondrogenic cues during fabrication were transplanted into cartilage defect sites in animal models, demonstrating cartilage regeneration efficacy in a scaffold-independent and xeno-free manner. This fabrication method represents a highly reproducible and consistent process for developing spheroids or organoids, offering a robust platform for regenerative medicine applications. Specifically, Organoid-TMs provide a foundational framework for

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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