Supramolecular Adhesive Materials with Antimicrobial Activity for Emerging Biomedical Applications

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Traditional adhesives or glues such as cyanoacrylates, fibrin glue, polyethylene glycol, and their derivatives have been widely used in biomedical fields. However, they still suffer from numerous limitations, including the mechanical mismatch with biological tissues, weak adhesion on wet surfaces, biological incompatibility, and incapability of integrating desired multifunction. In addition to adaptive mechanical and adhesion properties, adhesive biomaterials should be able to integrate multiple functions such as stimuli-responsiveness, control-releasing of small or macromolecular therapeutic molecules, hosting of various cells, and programmable degradation to fulfill the requirements in the specific biological systems. Therefore, rational molecular engineering and structural designs are required to facilitate the development of functional adhesive materials. This review summarizes and analyzes the current supramolecular design strategies of representative adhesive materials, serving as a general guide for researchers seeking to develop novel adhesive materials for biomedical applications.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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