Synthesis and characterization of 3D gelatin/calcium hydroxide/dentin matrix proteins/propolis scaffolds for hard tissue engineering

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

This paper explores the development of three-dimensional porous scaffolds composed of gelatin, calcium hydroxide, dentin matrix proteins, and propolis (signified as G, Ca, DP, and P, respectively). First, the scaffolds were synthesized using freeze-drying technique, then their physicochemical properties, mechanical characteristics, cytocompatibility with dental pulp stem cells, and cell adhesion, differentiation and mineralization were evaluated. The results showed that the scaffolds were porous with asperity. The surface roughness analysis identified higher roughness value for the G-Ca-P and G-Ca-DP-P scaffolds (mean Rq of 38.16 and 21.69 nm, respectively). All the scaffolds exhibited hydrophilic behavior (contact angles 80%). The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration and matrix deposition, as measures of osteogenic differentiation, were highest for G-Ca-DP-P scaffolds, followed by G-Ca-P. Besides, the cells attached to the scaffold surfaces with a flattened morphology, and the highest cell number adhered on G-Ca-DP-P and G-Ca-P scaffolds, respectively.Altogether, the G-Ca-DP-P scaffolds acted as hydrophilic, rough, and biodegradable frameworks supporting cell viability, adhesion, differentiation and mineralization.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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