Time and architecture: the next two dimensions of microphysiological systems

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Microphysiological models recapitulating complex vasculature have enabled in vitro evaluation of intricate cellular crosstalk and microenvironmental mechanical cues and stressors. Here, we present a comprehensive review of time and architecture as two under-explored facets required for physiological mimetic vascular models. We conclude with our perspective that incorporating longevity and architecture will improve complex vascular modeling and provide a platform to support chronic disease modeling, personalized medicine, drug testing, and tissue engineering.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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