Two-dimensional nanomaterials for bone disease therapy: multifunctional platforms for regeneration, anti-infection and tumor ablation

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Bone diseases, encompassing defects, infections, necrosis, osteoarthritis and tumors, present persistent clinical challenges, often unmet by conventional therapies due to limited efficacy and biocompatibility. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have emerged as powerful platforms with tunable physicochemical properties that enable efficient drug loading, controlled release and dynamic cellular modulation. Recent advances in 2D structures such as graphene, black phosphorus, layered double hydroxides, transition metal disulfides and MXenes demonstrate broad therapeutic potential across orthopedic applications. These include targeted drug delivery, photothermal tumor ablation, antimicrobial action and scaffold-based bone regeneration. By enabling precise control over biological interactions and therapeutic kinetics, 2D nanomaterials offer integrated solutions for multifaceted bone pathologies. This review outlines recent progress in their synthesis, functionalization and biomedical deployment, highlighting key breakthroughs and translational opportunities. We also discuss the barriers to clinical implementation and propose strategies to accelerate their adoption in next-generation bone therapies.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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