Type 2 immunity is maintained during cancer-associated adipose tissue wasting

Early human evidence such as case series or small samples is exploring possible benefits.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Objectives Cachexia is a systemic metabolic disorder characterized by loss of fat and muscle mass, which disproportionately impacts patients with gastrointestinal malignancies such as pancreatic cancer. While the immunologic shifts contributing to the development of other adipose tissue (AT) pathologies such as obesity have been well described, the immune microenvironment has not been studied in the context of cachexia. Methods We performed bulk RNA-sequencing, cytokine arrays, and flow cytometry to characterize the immune landscape of visceral AT (VAT) in the setting of pancreatic and colorectal cancers. Results The cachexia inducing factor IL-6 is strongly elevated in the wasting VAT of cancer bearing mice, but the regulatory type 2 immune landscape which characterizes healthy VAT is maintained. Pathologic skewing toward Th1 and Th17 inflammation is absent. Similarly, the VAT of patients with colorectal cancer is characterized by a Th2 signature with abundant IL-33 and eotaxin-2, albeit also with high levels of IL-6. Conclusions Wasting AT during the development of cachexia may not undergo drastic changes in immune composition like those seen in obese AT. Our approach provides a framework for future immunologic analyses of cancer associated cachexia.

Evidence level

Early human evidence such as case series or small samples is exploring possible benefits.

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