Ankle Injury

Ankle cartilage lesions often require surgery, with cell augmentation under study.

Studied for lesion fill and repair-tissue quality.

AOFAS scores reported at medium-term follow-up.

Reported adverse events are mostly local — swelling, pain, or bruising at the harvest and injection sites. Infection and cell-processing quality remain the key risks to monitor.

Existing studies are limited by sample size, methodology, and follow-up, and SVF preparation differs substantially between centres, making cross-study comparison difficult.