Adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived antioxidative extracellular vesicles exhibit anti-oxidative stress and immunomodulatory effects under PM 2.5 exposure.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

PM 2.5 exposure elevates the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the lungs and leads to lung injury or other pulmonary conditions. Nrf2 is a key antioxidative regulator that suppresses ROS production. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have been identified as therapeutic as well as potential drug/gene/protein carriers. In this study, we established rat (PM 2.5 , 100 μL, 5 mg/mL) or cell (PM 2.5 , 50 μg/mL) models to conduct in vivo and in vitro studies on the adverse pulmonary effects of PM 2.5 . Our findings indicated that the initial responses to PM 2.5 exposure were robust oxidative stress and inflammation. EVs and antioxidative EVs (Antioxi-EVs, derived from ADSCs that overexpress Nrf2) had been tested as interventions in PM 2.5 -treated rat or cell models through tracheal instillation or co-incubation. Treatment with EVs or Antioxi-EVs (3 × 10 10 particles in vivo and 1 × 10 9 in vitro) was found to have a suppressive effect on the levels of ROS and inflammatory cytokines, with Antioxi-EVs having a superior effect on anti-oxidative stress. In particular, the occurrence of lung injury or cell apoptosis correlated positively with the ROS level, and inhibition of ROS by upregulating Nrf2 alleviated lung injury and cell apoptosis. Furthermore, treatment with EVs or Antioxi-EVs increased the level of M2-like macrophages as comp

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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