Advancements in Promoting Angiogenesis in Tissue-Engineered Grafts in Various Organs: A Comprehensive Review.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Vascularization remains a fundamental challenge in tissue engineering, directly impacting the survival, integration, and function of engineered grafts across diverse organ systems. This comprehensive review explores the latest advancements in promoting angiogenesis within tissue-engineered constructs, focusing on strategies that emulate natural vascular development to overcome ischemic limitations post-implantation. We examine three core domains of pro-angiogenic intervention: controlled delivery of growth factors (e.g., VEGF, FGF, PDGF), development of bioactive and mechanically tuned biomaterials (such as collagen, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, and decellularized matrices), and cell-based approaches leveraging stem and progenitor cells, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Novel technologies such as 3D bioprinting, nanofabrication, and the use of extracellular vesicles have further enabled spatial and temporal control over vascular network formation. Organ-specific applications in cardiac, hepatic, dermal, osseous, pancreatic, musculoskeletal, adipose, and corneal tissues illustrate the translational potential of these techniques, while also highlighting the unique vascular requirements of each tissue type. Additionally, unconventional angiogenic inducers, such as parasite-derived proteins, are emerging as potential therapeut

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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