Cardiac Development, Cellular Composition and Function: From Regulatory Mechanisms to Applications

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Cardiogenesis and heart cell composition and function constitute fundamental areas of cardiovascular medicine research, and exploring their underlying mechanisms is closely tied to the goals of precision medicine. This review comprehensively examines the composition and functions of the heart from embryonic organogenesis to maturity, and highlights the main breakthroughs of treatment strategies associated with these processes. By elaborating on the spatiotemporally specific signaling pathways and transcriptional networks that drive heart organogenesis and progenitor cell fate determination during the pivotal stages of cardiac development, and by systematically presenting the molecular biomarkers and functional characteristics of the principal cell types in mature heart, the latest advancements in related applications are summarized, with a particular emphasis on breakthroughs in gene/cell therapy, organoid development, and tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for precision interventions and regenerative medicine in cardiovascular disease using an axis that integrates cardiogenesis, cellular architecture, and therapeutic translation.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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