Exosomes: the future of acellular nanotherapeutics in regenerative vascularization

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Background Ischemic disorders represent the world's leading cause of morbidity and mortality and can emanate from pathology in both the macrovasculature and microvasculature. Current treatment options for macrovascular disease include surgical bypass, endovascular intervention, thrombolytic drugs, and pharmacologics (vasodilators). However, when ischemia occurs at the microvascular level, conventional vascular surgical approaches are typically not feasible. In this setting, complex reconstructive surgery may be warranted, especially if concurrent open wounds are present. Thus, new pro-angiogenic treatment strategies that facilitate microvascular regenerative vascularization and wound repair are welcome. Methods We present a comprehensive overview of both stem cell-derived and mature-cell-derived exosomes in the context of regenerative vascularization and wound repair, focusing on cargo mechanisms and biomaterial delivery strategies. We also highlight how materials science will be instrumental to both therapeutic delivery and development of fully acellular pro-angiogenic bioengineered exosomes. All cited studies involving exosomes complied with the International Society of Extracellular Vesicles guidelines. To assess the clinical relevance and gaps, we visited clinicaltrials.gov, where keywords "exosome" and "vascular" were searched. Other parameters such as completion status, c

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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