Exosomes; a Potential Source of Biomarkers, Therapy, and Cure for Type-1 Diabetes

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

The scourge of type-1 diabetes (T1D) is the morbidity and mortality it and its complications cause at a younger age. This propels the constant search for better diagnostic, treatment, and management strategies, with the ultimate quest being a cure for T1D. Recently, the therapeutic potential of exosomes has generated a lot of interest. Among the characteristics of exosomes of particular interest are (a) their regenerative capacity, which depends on their "origin", and (b) their "content", which determines the cell communication and crosstalk they influence. Other functional capacities, including paracrine and endocrine homeostatic regulation, pathogenic response ability resulting in insulin secretory defects or β-cell death under normal metabolic conditions, immunomodulation, and promotion of regeneration, have also garnered significant interest. Exosome "specificity" makes them suitable as biomarkers or predictors, and their "mobility" and "content" lend credence to drug delivery and therapeutic suitability. This review aims to highlight the functional capacities of exosomes and their established as well as novel contributions at various pathways in the onset and progression of T1D. The pathogenesis of T1D involves a complex crosstalk between insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells and immune cells, which is partially mediated by exosomes. We also examine the potential implicatio

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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