Fabrication of a conductive, ionic liquid functionalized, oxygen-generating hydrogel loaded with ADSC-derived exosomes to enhance angiogenesis and cardiac repair after acute myocardial infarction.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains one of the most severe and life-threatening cardiac diseases, accounting for a substantial proportion of mortality worldwide and necessitating the development of novel treatment approaches for effective myocardial repair. Biocompatible, ionically conductive injectable hydrogel scaffolds have emerged as promising candidates for AMI treatment owing to their prominent electrical conductivity and mechanical compatibility with cardiac tissue. Methods: In the present investigation, a facile ionic-conductive injectable hydrogel was developed by incorporating the conductive polymer PEDOT and boronic acid-functionalized carboxymethyl chitosan (pCMC) with poly-ionic liquid (P-ILs), oxygen-generating calcium peroxide (CaO 2 ) particles, and adipose-derived stem cell exosomes (ADSC-exos) to improve myocardial regeneration via enhancing conductivity and oxygen release. The physiological and mechanical characteristics of the injectable hydrogel were examined through morphological evaluation, oxygen-release profiling, electroactivity, and rheological analysis. In vitro biocompatibility was assessed using rat cardiac fibroblasts (RCF) and H9C2 cells. For in vivo investigation, a rat ischemia-reperfusion model was established, and the developed hydrogels were administered for 28 days to examine cardiac function recovery and myocardial regeneration. Resu

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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