From hard tissues to beyond: Progress and challenges of strontium-containing biomaterials in regenerative medicine applications

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have emerged as crucial disciplines focused on the development of new tissues and organs to overcome the limitations of traditional treatments for tissue damage caused by accidents, diseases, or aging. Strontium ion (Sr 2+ ) has garnered significant attention for its multifaceted role in promoting regeneration medicine and therapy, especially in bone tissue regeneration. Recently, numerous studies further confirm that Sr 2+ also plays a critical in soft tissue regeneration. This review firstly summarizes the influence of Sr 2+ on critical biological processes such as osteogenesis, angiogenesis, immune modulation, matrix synthesis, mineralization, and antioxidative defence mechanisms. Then details the classification, properties, advantages, and limitations of Sr-containing biomaterials (SrBMs). Additionally, this review extends to the current applications of SrBMs in regenerative medicine for diverse tissues, including bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, dental pulp, cardiac tissue, skin, hair follicles, etc. Moreover, the review addresses the challenges associated with current SrBMs and provides insights for their future designing and applications in regenerative medicine.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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