Hybrid SES-MEW Scaffold Strategies: A Narrative Review of Multi-Scale Fiber Architectures for Soft and Hard Tissue Engineering

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Solution electrospinning (SES) and melt electrowriting (MEW) are complementary fiber-based fabrication platforms extensively investigated in tissue engineering. SES generates fibers typically ranging from the nanometer to the low-micrometer scale, producing fibrous networks that mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) and support key cellular functions. MEW, by contrast, operates solvent-free and enables precise, layer-by-layer deposition of microfibers with well-controlled geometry, conferring the mechanical integrity and open-pore architecture that SES constructs inherently lack. Despite growing interest, the body of peer-reviewed literature reporting original hybrid SES-MEW fabrication and biological outcome data remains limited, with no comprehensive cross-tissue synthesis available to date. This narrative review examines the current state of SES-MEW hybrid strategies across five tissue engineering targets selected for their clinical relevance: skin, vascular grafts, bone, cartilage, cardiac valves, and skeletal muscle. For each application, the architectural rationale, the fabrication approach, and the in vitro and in vivo biological outcomes are discussed in an integrated manner, with attention to how the spatial organization of nano- and microfibers translates into tissue-specific functional responses. A comparative analysis across tissue types highlights both the ve

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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