Hydrogel based scaffolds in cardiovascular disease: applications in myocardial regeneration, biological pacing, and heart failure therapy

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatments for cardiovascular diseases have improved overall survival rates. However, there are several limitations in reversing left ventricular hypertrophy, preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury, and completely curing refractory heart failure. Tissue engineering, such as the use of hybrid scaffolds, provides a promising strategy for solving these problems and is used in cardiovascular diseases, especially in the treatment of myocardial infarction. Hydrogels are materials with unique 3D crosslinked polymer networks. They are composed of natural or synthetic hydrophilic polymers that contain many chemical components. Hydrogels serve as effective materials in drug delivery and tissue regeneration, achieving desired therapeutic effects for a range of diseases. This review aims to introduce the types of tissue engineering materials currently used, including natural and synthetic hydrogels. In addition, this review investigates the application of hydrogels in cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, biological pacing, myocardial regeneration, and heart failure.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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