Label free process monitoring of 3D bioprinted engineered constructs via dielectric impedance spectroscopy.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Biofabrication processes can affect biological quality attributes of encapsulated cells within constructs. Currently, assessment of the fabricated constructs is performed offline by subjecting the constructs to destructive assays that require staining and sectioning. This drawback limits the translation of biofabrication processes to industrial practice. In this work, we investigate the dielectric response of viable cells encapsulated in bioprinted 3D hydrogel constructs to an applied alternating electric field as a label-free non-destructive monitoring approach. The relationship between β-dispersion parameters (permittivity change-Δε, Cole-Cole slope factor-α, critical polarization frequency-f c ) over the frequency spectrum and critical cellular quality attributes are investigated. Results show that alginate constructs containing a higher number of viable cells (human adipose derived stem cells-hASC and osteosarcoma cell line-MG63) were characterized by significantly higher Δε and α (both p < 0.05). When extended to bioprinting, results showed that changes in hASC proliferation and viability in response to changes in critical bioprinting parameters (extrusion pressure, temperature, processing time) significantly affected ∆ε, α, and f c . We also demonstrated monitoring of hASC distribution after bioprinting and changes in proliferation over time across the cross-section of a

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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