Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Novel Frontier in Regenerative Medicine and Immunotherapy.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous cell population that can be isolated from various tissues, including adipose tissue and bone marrow. Their ease of isolation and robust ex vivo expansion make MSCs an attractive candidate for regenerative and therapeutic applications, particularly in tissue repair and angiogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that the therapeutic effects of MSCs are largely mediated through the secretion of extracellular vesicles, especially mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos). These exosomes contain diverse bioactive molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which contribute to their regenerative, immunomodulatory, and therapeutic potential. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that MSC-Exos promote tissue repair, regulate immune responses, and alleviate pathological conditions associated with cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, musculoskeletal injuries, and immune-mediated diseases. The outcomes of these studies suggest that MSC-Exos represent a promising and effective therapeutic modality for a broad range of diseases. Compared with conventional MSC-based therapies, MSCExos offer several advantages, including reduced immunogenicity, lower tumorigenic risk, improved stability, and easier storage and handling, making them particularly suitable for clinical translation. This review provides a compreh

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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