Microcargos with Megaeffects: A Literature Review of Immunomodulatory, Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Dimensions of Exosomal MicroRNAs in Glioblastoma Multiforme

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a complex and aggressive central nervous system (CNS) tumor that has a poor prognosis, and restricted therapeutic options are available despite the increasing research conducted. Moreover, the cells in our body package microRNAs, ubiquitous modulators of numerous biological processes, into exosomes for cell-to-cell signaling. Indeed, exosomal miRNAs contribute to several aspects of glioma, such as development, occurrence, metastasis, and immune evasion. Additionally, exosomal miRNAs play a key role in cellular functions and glioma pathogenesis by regulating numerous pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin, PTEN/PI3K/Akt, EGFR/MAPK, notch signaling, and NF-κB. Notably, exosomal miRNAs are recognized to have promising potential in clinical applications; in fact, exosomal miRNAs are emerging biomarkers for glioma diagnosis and prognosis and are additionally considered as putative therapeutic candidates by inhibiting tumor progression, occurrence, and metastasis. This review presents the current knowledge regarding clinical potential and application of exosomal miRNAs in glioma, as well as the miRNA-mediated regulatory network underlying glioma immunopathogenesis.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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