Smart bioactive hydrogels for myocardial infarction repair: a multifunctional approach integrating stimuli-responsive drug delivery, electroconductivity, and real-time biosensing

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Background Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating advanced therapeutic strategies for cardiac repair. Conventional treatments often fail to restore cardiac function effectively, highlighting the need for innovative biomaterials. Smart bioactive hydrogels have emerged as promising candidates due to their ability to provide structural support, controlled drug delivery, electroconductivity, and real-time biosensing capabilities. Objective This review explores the multifunctional role of smart bioactive hydrogels in MI repair, focusing on their stimuli-responsive drug delivery, electroconductive properties, and biosensing potential. Methods This narrative review synthesized recent advances in multifunctional smart bioactive hydrogels for MI repair, focusing on systems integrating stimuli-responsive drug delivery, electroconductivity, and real-time biosensing. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2010 and 2025 using relevant keywords. Articles were included if they addressed hydrogel-based platforms featuring at least one of the following: responsive drug release (e.g., pH, temperature, and enzymatic), conductive components (e.g., carbon nanotubes and graphene), or embedded biosensing technologies. Studies limited to conventio

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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