Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: novel therapeutics for cerebral injury following cardiac arrest and potential mechanisms

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Brain injury following cardiac arrest (CA) is a significant cause of mortality and poor prognosis in patients, and effective treatment strategies remain limited. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), a novel cell-free therapeutic approach, have recently demonstrated significant potential in the field of brain injury repair. EVs, key mediators of stem cell paracrine and autocrine signaling, are enriched with bioactive molecules such as non-coding RNAs and proteins. These EVs have the capacity to traverse the bloodstream, reach injury sites, and modulate various biological processes, including neuronal survival, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, blood-brain barrier integrity, and neurovascular regeneration.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research history, structural characteristics, and in vivo distribution and metabolism of stem cell-derived EVs. The review further explores their therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms in post-CA brain injury, including the inhibition of neuronal apoptosis, alleviation of oxidative stress and inflammation, promotion of blood-brain barrier repair, and enhancement of neurovascular regeneration. Additionally, the review highlights emerging directions and challenges in the clinical application of stem cell-derived EVs, offering theoretical insights and perspectives for future research and transla

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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